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  • Foot and Ankle ArthritisFoot and Ankle Arthritis

    Arthritis is the inflammation of joints as a result of degeneration of the smooth cartilage that lines the ends of bones in a joint.

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  • Foot and Ankle TraumaFoot and Ankle Trauma

    Foot and ankle trauma refers to injuries that most commonly occur during sports, exercise or any other physical activity. Trauma may be a result of accidents, poor training practices or use of improper gear.

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  • Hammertoe/Toe PainHammertoe

    A hammertoe is a deformity of a lesser toe (second through fifth toes), where the toe is bent upward at the toe’s middle joint, resembling a hammer. The bent portion may rub against the shoe causing pain, irritation and develop corns.

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  • ArthritisArthritis

    Arthritis is inflammation in the joint resulting from the degeneration of cartilage causing joint pain, swelling, and stiffness resulting in restricted movements. Arthritis of the foot and ankle joint can occur due to fractures, dislocation, inflammatory disease, or congenital deformity.

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  • Bunionbunion

    A bunion is a bony protuberance that appears on the outer surface of the big toe when it angles toward the adjacent toe.

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  • Ankle Fracturesankle-fractures

    An ankle fracture is a painful condition where there is a break in one or more bones forming the ankle joint. The ankle joint is stabilized by different ligaments and other soft tissues, which may also be injured during an ankle fracture.

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  • Foot FractureFoot Fracture

    Foot fractures commonly occur because of a fall, motor vehicle accident, dropping a heavy object on your foot or from overuse such as with sports.

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  • Ankle Rheumatoid ArthritisAnkle Rheumatoid Arthritis

    Arthritis is inflammation in a joint as a result of cartilage degeneration causing joint pain, swelling, stiffness, and restricted movement.

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  • Ankle InstabilityAnkle Instability

    Ankle instability is a chronic condition characterized by a recurrent slipping of the outer side of the ankle. It usually results from repeated ankle sprains, which are injuries to the ligaments.

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  • Ankle Ligament InjuryAnkle Ligament Injury

    Ligaments are made up of elastic tissues that interconnect bones to one another. They bind the joint together, providing stability and support to the joint. The ligaments protect the ankle joint from abnormal rotation and stabilize the joint during movement.

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  • Foot PainFoot Pain

    The foot is composed of bones, ligaments, tendons, and muscles. As your feet bear the weight of your entire body, they are more prone to injury and pain.

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  • Osteochondral Lesions of the AnkleOsteochondral Lesions of the Ankle

    Osteochondral lesions are diagnosed by a physical examination, X-ray, and CT and MRI scans. Plain X-ray images can reveal other fractures, bone spurs, and narrowing of the joint. A CT scan helps identify any bony fragments but is not very helpful to visualize bone edema or cartilage defects.

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  • Forefoot PainForefoot Pain

    Forefoot pain, also referred to as metatarsalgia, is a type of pain that occurs in the ball of the foot (along the ends of the metatarsal bones). Generally, forefoot pain is associated with aging.

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  • FlatfootFlatfoot

    Flatfoot, also known as “fallen arches” or Pes planus, is a deformity in children’s feet where the arch that runs along the sole of the foot collapses to the ground or is not formed at all.

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  • Cavus Foot DeformityCavus Foot Deformity

    Cavus foot also referred to as a high arch, is a condition in which the arch on the bottom of the foot that runs from the toes to the heel is arched more than normal.

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  • Foot LesionsFoot Lesions

    A foot lesion is an abnormal change in an area of skin on the foot. It may be caused by infection, injury or abnormal growth of tissue. Foot lesions are commonly seen in diabetic patients due to nerve damage and poor circulation.

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  • Nerve Conditions of the FootNerve Conditions of the Foot

    The foot is composed of bones, ligaments, nerves, muscles, and tendons. Nerve conditions of the foot can range from minor nerve injuries to serious conditions like nerve entrapment and damage. A podiatrist is a doctor specializing in the treatment of foot problems including nerve conditions.

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  • Claw ToeClaw Toe

    Claw toe is a deformity where a toe bends and appears like a bird’s claw. The affected toe is bent upward from the joint at the ball of the foot, and downward at the joints in the middle and tip of the toe to curl under the foot.

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  • Haglunds DeformityHaglunds Deformity<

    Haglund’s deformity, also known as “pump bump”, is a condition in which bony extensions are formed at the back of the heel, leading to swelling near the Achilles tendon.

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  • Heel PainHeel Pain

    Heel pain is a common symptom of excessive strain placed on the structures that form the heel.

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  • Heel SpursHeel Spurs

    The heel is made up of the calcaneus bone and supported by a network of muscles, tendons, ligaments and soft tissues, which together support the weight of the body and stress during movement.

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  • Mallet ToeMallet Toe

    Mallet toe is a deformity where the toe abnormally bends downward, resembling a hammer or mallet.

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  • MetatarsalgiaMetatarsalgia

    Metatarsalgia is a condition in which pain and inflammation are caused due to overuse or injury to the ball of the foot - the area between the toes and the arch. This condition mainly affects the joints at the base of the five-toe bones.

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  • Morton's NeuromaMorton's Neuroma

    Morton’s neuroma refers to a nerve injury that occurs between the toes, usually the third and fourth toes. This causes pain and thickening of the nerve tissue.

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  • Posterior Tibial Tendon DysfunctionPosterior Tibial Tendon Dysfunction

    The posterior tibial tendon passes through the ankle to attach the calf muscle with the bones of the midfoot.

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  • Shin SplintsShin Splints

    Shin splints or medial tibial stress syndrome (MTSS) is pain around the tibia or shinbone due to inflammation of the tendons, muscles and bone tissue. It occurs because of vigorous exercises and sports activities.

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  • SesamoiditisSesamoiditis

    Sesamoids are two small, pea-shaped bones located in the ball beneath the big toe joint at the bottom of the foot.  Sesamoid bones are connected to muscles and other bones by tendons that envelop these bones. Sesamoids help the big toe move normally and absorb the weight placed on the ball.

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  • Stiff Big Toe (Hallux Rigidus)Stiff Big Toe

    A stiff big toe, also called hallux rigidus, is a form of degenerative arthritis affecting the joint where the big toe (hallux) attaches to the foot. The toe typically becomes stiff at the base and is sometimes called a “frozen joint”.

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  • Plantar FasciitisPlantar Fasciitis

    Plantar fasciitis refers to the inflammation of the plantar fascia, a thick band of tissue that is present at the bottom of the foot. It runs from the heel bone to the toes and forms the arch of your foot.

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  • Turf ToeTurf Toe

    Turf toe is an injury to the ligament at the base of the big toe. It is a painful condition that usually results from jamming the toe into the ground or excessive backward bending of the toe.

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  • American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeon
  • American Orthopaedic Foot and Ankle Society
  • Alpha Omega Alpha
  • University of Washington School of Medicine
  • Brigham And Women's Hospital
  • Harvard Medical School, BWH